What would you consider to be expressionist features in Fritz Lang Essay Example

What would you consider to be expressionist features in Fritz Lang Paper Expressionism is a style dedicated to distorted camera angles and a harsh contrast of light and shadow (Fabian Ziesing). Often in expressionist works the representation of reality is distorted for the sake of conveying an inner vision(Harvard). Words such as dark demonic twisted haunted and tormented (Elsaesser 2000 p19) are relevant to expressionist cinema. There are many aspects in Fritz Lang.s M that could be considered as expressionist, these are the topic, chiaroscuro (the use of light and shadow), abstraction and essentialisation, duality, the predilection for the studio, the use of objects and space and photography style. One of the key features of expressionist film is its topic. The characteristic topics used in expressionist cinema tend to have a fascination with death, disease, illness, depression, despair and melancholy. There is very often a strong emphasis on psychological problems. The themes used often in expressionist painting and literature are also present in expressionist cinema, the theme of alienation, and of the individual as subject to tyrannical or supernatural forces beyond his or her control (Aitken 2001 p54). Expressionist cinema depicts the unstable, unreality of society at this time. The most crucial themes of the genre are particularly present in M. We will write a custom essay sample on What would you consider to be expressionist features in Fritz Lang specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What would you consider to be expressionist features in Fritz Lang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What would you consider to be expressionist features in Fritz Lang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The murderer Hans Beckert is essentially a normal human being but when he sees a child he is overcome with the compulsion to murder. He tries to fight his compulsion but the forces at work are beyond his control. It is an illness he didnt choose to have and one he cant control Beckert tries to suppress his devious instincts (cyberroach.com) and control himself but fails and his transformation into the murderer is complete. Despair and depression often feature in expressionist cinema and are very apparent in M. When Elsie Beckmann doesnt return home from school Lang. shows the despair of a mother who deep down knows the fate of her daughter. Lang. features the despair of a mother whose little girl does not come home from school (Kracauer 1997 p122). Chiaroscuro is one of the most prominent features of expressionist cinema. In M there is a stark visual contrast between light and shadow, in which forces, shapes and tonalities clash. Lang.s chiaroscuro has produced some poignant images. A classic, perfect example of German expressionism is when the shadow of the murderer appears on the reward poster above the head of Elsie Beckmann, who is bouncing her ball against the poster, which advertises a reward for finding the killer. Elsie Beckmann has no idea of the warning looming above her head. This use of shadow is not purely ornamental it is an effect used to grip the audience, which is hugely successful. The same affect is achieved when the thieves have a conference to discuss what to do about the killer, in this scene an anonymous, abstract image is created (Eisner 1986 p 117). Their shadows appear across the screen as they carry out their conversation. Lang. also creates an indefinite chiaroscuro atmosphere when he uses cigarette smoke floating in the glow of a hanging lamp at the thieves meeting. In this scene the light barely manages to penetrate through the think clouds of smoke, this is also true of the police conference scene in which the smoke gets thicker and thicker distorting the light. As the milieus of the police and the underworld inter-cut, the men participating in these meetings are shown in silhouette accentuating their similarities. Another example is when the murderer looks into a shop window and his face appears to be framed in the light, which was reflected from the knives displayed there. This lighting effect separates and isolates Hans Beckert from the rest of the world by his inhuman urges. In one on the final scenes when the murderer is finally caught Lang. freezes him by using one single beam of light creating an image reminiscent of a deer caught in the headlights of a car. The use of objects and space are a very expressionistic feature. In the scene where Elsie is murdered the camera cuts from where Elsie is to where she isnt using inanimate objects and empty spaces to make her fate more horrifying. When Elsies mother is desperately calling her Lang. uses a series of still life shots in succession. These are the empty and rather sinister looking spiral staircase with its shadows like prison bars, the empty and dismal courtyard, the attic where the washing hangs, Elsies seat at the dinner table, to her ball rolling from the undergrowth and her balloon with its string entangled in the telegraph cables. When the moving camera freezes on these objects there is no doubt in anyones mind about what has happened to Elsie inanimate objects stand in for an absent and violently silenced person (Kaes 2000 p 13). Another feature, which is considered to be expressionist, is the tendency towards abstraction and essentialisation. The expressionist tends to place more importance on mental images than on real things; this method provides full emotional impact without sickening the audience. We hear the murderer talking to Elsie Beckmann and buying her a balloon to win her confidence. In the next scene we see Elsies ball roll into the frame and her balloon caught in the telegraph cables. Although we do not witness Elsies murder we have no doubt about Elsies fate (Kaes 2000 pp 13-14). Expressionist film also has a tendency towards duality. Very often there is a character that appears harmless but actually has a more morbid counterpart much like the creepily pitiable child murderer in M (Elsaesser 2000 p 19). The murderer in M is a seemingly inconspicuous man and so that he can be recognised he must be branded with the chalk sign of the letter m on his shoulder. He has a child like innocence and vulnerability, which is combined with his compulsion to murder, which creates a character who is worryingly human. There are a number of double images or double reflections in M, which depict a dark side, the disorder of society and the murderous impulses of Hans Beckert. In an early scene in the film we see the murderer looking at his reflection in a mirror attempting to seek out the madman that lives within him. In one scene we see him looking in a shop window calmly eating an apple when he sees a young girls reflection in the shop window, he is suddenly mesmerised and his eyes begin to bulge and he begins to break out in a sweat. This shows Hans Beckerts split personality in M. In this same scene he sees his own reflection, here the normal man on the street becomes a menacing reflection of himself. Later, the murderer sees himself in another mirror image in which he discovers he has been found out when he sees the letter m on his back. Just as the audience begins to feel some kind of pity and sympathy for the killer his darker side is shown in the reflected images. The stylisation of the set and acting can be identified with expressionism. In expressionist cinema there is a predilection for filming in the studio as opposed to the street and expressionism is known for the use of eccentric sets. In M when the police raid the allotment gardens the pictorial composition is emphasised (Eisner 1986 p116). In the most famous German expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr Caligari the sets are extremely artificial and designed specifically to look that way. Some of the acting in M is highly gesticulated particularly in the scene where the bald man is having dinner in a club and is accused of having an interest in young girls. In this scene the acting is very stylised and slightly exaggerated creating a comedic effect. The photography style used in M is extremely expressionistic. Lang. uses odd camera angles to create a hypnotic and nightmarish world. In the very first scene, we see the children are playing a game of elimination, in which the next child out is essentially the next child to be murdered. In this scene the camera hovers above not singling out any of the children by using a close up shot, it simply records the process of elimination in this scene the camera separates the mothers from their children with walls, closed doors and railings. The camera moves unevenly attempting to draw attention to itself. The camera then cuts to the staircase where it comments and investigates the pregnant woman who is coming up the stairs. When Elsie is murdered the camera freezes on Elsies empty chair, this shot was taken from above in true expressionist style. Another example is when the girl on the street asked a man for the time and the public immediately views him with suspicion. Lang. makes excellent use of camera angles to show the persecution of this man; he is shot from a high angle and his accusers from a low angle accentuating the way they tower over him. Fritz Langs. M is a masterpiece of low keyed Expressionism (www.nyfavideo.com) Although M contains some of the key features of the expressionist movement it is not considered as one of the main films of the movement only a small number of German films can be described as thoroughgoing expressionist works (www.courses.fas.harvard.edu) Fritz Langs. M is most certainly influenced by expressionism. The film evokes a sense of doom and despair and features the paranoid pathology of the individual who has no control over his actions. This is a typical topic of expressionist cinema. Hans Berkert is a man who is possessed of some demon that has driven him beyond the borders of ordinary human behaviour (Eisner 1986 p111) and as a result he is dehumanised by society in his final scene. Even though it is clear that his problems are psychological and cannot be controlled. The most conscious effort of expressionism being adapted for German cinema was for The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920) by Robert Wiene. The film was made to look alien and unreal and followed a doctor who committed murder through a monster whose will he controlled. Expressionism delves into the landscape of an unbalanced mind. In M the topic is focused on split personality, which is one of the themes more commonly associated with nineteenth century romanticism. It has been suggested that the sequence at the beggars exchange also contained elements of romanticism. Expressionism uses high angle shots to record states of fear, doubt and anxiety thus creating a frighteningly influenced world. The common features of expressionism were influential in the making of Fritz Langs M. Some suggest that theres no movie thats more German , Expressionist or noir than Fritz Langs M (Morris 2000 p1).However, by many M is not considered to be one of the landmark films of the era.

Errors Made by the United States Citizen and Immigration Service When Processing Immigration Forms

Errors Made by the United States Citizen and Immigration Service When Processing Immigration Forms This case study takes place in the U.S. citizenship and immigration services office in Newark NJ. The agency is aware of a huge and noble task placed upon it by the government of the United States. The world has become a global village where information spreads fast and wide.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Errors Made by the United States Citizen and Immigration Service When Processing Immigration Forms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The good prospects of the land of wonders have fuelled an increase in the number of people seeking visas, work permits, as well as citizenship. The biggest challenge the department is facing is the issue of asylum. The dire tor assures that the agency is aware of the international laws that oblige countries to allow people who have fled violence, persecution, and civil wars around the world to seek asylum in their territories.1 According to the deputy director of the USCIS, there are two types of immigrants to the United States the legal and illegal immigrants. Some legal migrants come to the country armed with Visas, but end up in expiration of their Visas and work permits disappearing in a big country. This group also includes foreign students, tourists, and business people. During an interview with the researcher, the deputy director of CIA said that illegal immigrants risked their lives travelling in boats in the high seas to enter through the shores of the United States. There are cases of immigrants. Others enter the country through the border of Canada and Mexico without informing the US officials (Goldman and Loughlin 6). The risks involved do not deter them from making efforts to reach the land of wonders. By the year 2011, the number of people seeking visas, work permits, and citizenship has shot up. This has intensified operations in the agency bearing in mind the backlog which already exists. The problem has been aggravated by an increase in th e number of illegal immigrants in the country. The director of the agency alludes that his officials are aware of the fact that there are two types of immigrants: states-legal and illegal ones. Once the officials are able to detect illegal immigrants, they face two options: either deport them back to their country of origin/ turn them back, or shelter them in the country as they await the screening process or the immigration court (The National Lawyers Guild 11-12). Those who are lucky to obtain working permits and permanent residency become the US citizens.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A lot of concern have been raised upon the manner in which the agency processed the applications. The director of the United States Citizen and Immigration Services admits that his office lacks adequate capacity to determine the ingenuity of applications made. According to Mr. Wellington, an official with the department, the officials are forced to make decisions without full information about the applicant. This definitely alters the ingenuity of the decision making. Therefore, the department is susceptible to committing errors which inconvenience the applicants. There have been instances when the department had cleared asylum seekers who were criminals in disguise. These people ended up in being a thorn in the flesh of the law enforcing agencies. One often wonders how such ineligible aliens enter the states despite being in place of a rigorous screening process. According to the deputy director of the agency, they lack the necessary measures to ensure the screening process is professional. The CIA director claims that most of the drug related cases and other serious crimes in the U.S. are committed by illegal immigrants who have passed under the hands of USCIS. His main concern is that these criminals passed through the screening process conducted by the USCIS. During last year’s summer, Pati led a group of immigrants from Taiwan. The 12 plus group was fleeing from the communist regime in China which was becoming increasingly intolerant to the calls for the independent Taiwan. As the law in the U.S. stipulates, they made their application for asylum. They were ordered to appear before the USCIS officials for screening, which they did. Unfortunately, they were denied asylum despite their case being genuine. The director attributes such mistakes to lack of full capacity within the agency to effectively review applications made. Mistake of Incorrect Judgment of Legibility of Aliens As much as the director of the USCIS points out the progress that his agency has made in improving service delivery in the department, he admits that there is often a mistake in judging the legality of the immigrants. His officials often process the application with a mindset that all applicants are illegal asylum seekers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Errors Made by the United States Citizen and Immigration Service When Processing Immigration Forms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They forget that there are genuine refugees with other applications being on work, student and visitor basis. Turning such people or subjecting to the long delays is not fair at all and may end up in spoiling the good image of the nation. Once the agency is able to pick illegal immigrants, it may allow them into the country and order them to appear in court at a later date. The deputy director of CIA Mr. Jones points out that this is a grave mistake, since these immigrants have got no official address; they end up in not appearing in the courts. The orders of removal are placed against the asylee in absentia. The aliens’ ends up in living in the country while dodging the authorities. This scenario became evident in the summer of 2009 when a 23 year old Jorge Garci a was declared an illegal immigrant by the USCIS and ordered to appear before the department. The director admits to have been in charge of the case. He says that during the trial, Jorge failed to appear in court. The authorities were informed that the young man had fled and his whereabouts was unknown to the authorities. The police were instructed to find and apprehend him. At one point, the director had almost forgotten the case of Jorge. One day, after many months, the director was having dinner with his family when some shocking news brought him back to the world of reality. A young drug dealer had apparently shot dead one police officer and wounded another when they tried to arrest him. What perturbed the director’s mind was the picture of the suspected drug dealer. The image resembled that of a young Jorge. This disturbed the director who upon closer review of his files found that Jorge had criminal records. This case points the eminent errors committed by the USCIS off icials while reviewing the applications and in the handling of cases. This has been attributed to the challenge of inadequate finance which faced the department. Inadequate finance hinders the agency from conducting individualized hearings on the lawfulness and necessity for detention.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Failure to fully investigate Cases When he was marrying Jean, a U.S. citizen, Farah, an Iranian, was aware of the immigration law which allows a foreign national who enters the United States of America with a valid visa to upgrade his or her status. His application for upgrade of citizenship status has been lying in the Nevada office for the last two years. The USCIS officials have disregarded the fact that Farah was eligible for citizenship. However, the immigration officials at times make erroneous mistakes by detaining or even deporting such persons without regarding the fact the person is now eligible for citizenship. According to Farah, he cannot understand why Hashim, a colleague from Iran received his citizenship. Hashim is a runaway criminal from Iran who after staying in the United States for the same period like Farah, got married to a U.S. citizen. Majority of these visitors mischievously get married to the U.S. citizens purely as an avenue of acquiring citizenship though naturalization. Farah is convinced that Hashim did not Marry Lopez out of love but as a way of acquiring citizenship and avoid deportation once his residency permit expires. Two years into the marriage and the couple is considering filing for a divorce due to the countless disagreements, which is obviously caused by negligence on the part of Hashim. The director of the agency claims that the agency fails to fully investigate such cases due to inadequate funds. Such immigrants are left to stay in the country. These people end up in competing with legal U.S. citizens with others turning against the state and becoming criminals. This mistake arises as a result of the agency not having a full budget to finance its operations, a common problem of many agencies in public administration. One of the immigration officials, Mrs. Brown, admits that they make erroneous judgment when handling the update of form 1-485. They take most of the cases as being similar to illegal marriages to the US c itizens in order to acquire the citizenship and avoid the US immigration law. Their problem is aggravated by lack of enough funds to fully investigate marriage based cases both within and without the United States. It is a common phenomenon to have the immigration judges refuse to order the deportation of certain immigrants due to the fact that they are married to the US citizens. Security Checkups Farah came to the United States to escape the Islamic regime in Iran which could not put up with his democratic ideologies. He was accompanied by a cousin whose application for asylum has been lying in the office for a long time. Every time they check with the office, they are infirmed that the application is waiting the security clearance from FBI. The two directors of the agencies have been trying to address this issue with minimal success. The long process causes back-logs and delay resulting in a lot of inconveniences to the applicants-financial and time costs. The agency lacks the ne cessary capability to produce reports that detail the status of the long pending name checks by the FBI (Ombudsman 41). In 2007, the director of the USCIS launched the E-Verify system. This is a tool for employers in the United States to determine the legality of their workforce. Some employers in pursuit of a cheap labor spur up illegal immigration by shipping in immigrants into the country. Despite the success of the system, there have been instances where errors in entry of data of a person result into a ban on grounds of illegality. The discrepancies are caused by the poor handling of the system by immigration officials. This is an error which causes a lot of inconveniences to many would be workers as the system declares them not fit legally to work in the United States. It is early June, and Mariano, the immigrant from Mexico, logs into the internet to check his employment status. He is seven months old in the U.S. and has been awarded a three year work permit. Upon entering hi s details into the system, he is baffled by the information that appears on the screen. He can not figure out how the system puts him in the category of people who are ineligible to work in the United States. There must have been an error when loading his details in the system. It is estimated that by the year 2007, there were more that 1.2 million illegal immigrants living in the United States. A majority of these people come from China, El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala and Philippines. Out of these, the agency is only able to handle about a hundred thousand applications per years, 18,784 of these are employment related. The agency has been accused by Amnesty International US chapter of gross violation of human rights in its quest to deport and arrest the unauthorized immigrants (GAO 6, 7). An official with Amnesty International accuses the agency of denying some detained immigrants, their right to challenge their detention in an independent court of law. They are held in custody wi thout a chance to access a judicial body or immigration judge (Amnesty International 8). Jabel is an Iranian who entered into the states with Farah. He was granted a work permit which expired in late 2010. The USCIS officials called and forcefully deported him. The officials did not heed to his pleas to allow him depart voluntarily at his own personal expenses (National Immigration Justice Centre 20). Voluntary departure would have favored Jabel as he would have been free to reenter the United States in the future without any bar of relief as opposed to the forceful deportation through a court order. Farah who is a lecturer at JF Kennedy School of Public Administration recalls the story of a colleague who sought for an update of citizenship status. To her surprise, twenty days after her naturalization through marriage to a US citizen, the data at USCIS database had not been updated. The personal file still read that she was in the United States on a work permit yet she was now a US citizen. This is despite the agency being mandate to update the status within two days of the naturalization process. According to the director of finance at USIC, the agency runs its operations in an independent way in terms of financing its operations. It relies on fees it charges to those people seeking services from it.2 The outcome of this move has been a shortage of funds for the agency. This happens despite the department that has got huge responsibilities, yet its financial base is not solvent enough to support these operations. For instance, in order to contain the problem of illegal immigrants, several measures need to be put in place by the agency. The director of the US coast Guards points out that the problem of illegal immigrants is compounded by the long United States border with neighboring countries such as Mexico, also the US shore line, another great route and entry point for slaves into the states. Without enough finance, the agency ends up not effectively handli ng the issue of illegal immigrants into the United States. More so, inadequate funds also hamper most of the USCIS daily operations. According to Mr. Miguel, agency has been experiencing back-log problems due to the large number of applications made. It is a humanitarian act to accord a person who is fleeing persecution a decent lifestyle, especially when in the detention camps. However, the department ends up not fulfilling this noble obligation due to inadequate finance (Homeland Security 44). Error in fee calculation The director of finance reveals that the agency uses a method of calculating fees formulated in the year 1997. The reliance on this 1997 model is an erroneous decision that has been made by the agency for a number of reasons. The old data have no relation whatsoever to the current processes and their related costs. This has been caused by the change in the processes over the years and the additional adjudication requirement after the 9/11(The National Lawyers Guild 1 1). According to the finance director, the fees received from the applicant did not reflect the agency’s cost of operation. The lengthy processing of the applications often incurs more costs than what is received. Slow processing of application forms has been another let down in the agency The USCIS officials have over and over again being accused of creation a back log of applications made. There have been complaints where one has to wait for several weeks after filling their applications. The delay places a lot of serious challenges to applicants who might need the receipts in proving that they have complied with the relevant laws. It does not make sense why one pays for an application, yet it takes him/her weeks to get a mere receipt. An insight into the operations of the agency reveals sheer and intentional delays by the officials. The issue of delays also affects the green card applicants. There is a sad tale of delays in getting the Alien Identification and Telecommunic ation stamps arguably due to poor decisions made by some field officers. The field offices at times make these erroneous and unfair decisions of withholding the ADIT stamps despite them knowing the importance of the stamps to the aliens. The stamps are used by the aliens to travel and work in the United States as they wait for the processing of their green cards. Wrong Data Entry One issue that this study finds intriguing is the reason why there are numerous complains that reaches the office of the Ombudsman and the United States Citizen Immigration Service on publication errors in both the green cards and work permits. The obvious answer is error committed by the immigration officials when handling the applications. When Farah was collecting his form from the office, he found that the photograph of Jabel had been put in his form. (Homeland Security 44). This is a problem which, according to the director, is caused by the lack of keenness on the side of the officials responsible for the processing of the applications. Wrong wording in the Form I-102 Upon obtaining the correct I-94 card, Farah was unfortunate to lose it 9 months later in a robbery ordeal in Dallas. He was informed by a colleague in the university that he needed to fill Form I-102 This is a form used to replace a lost I-94 card and is used by the CBP at entry. However, the updated instructions on the form confused Farah as the instructions on it restrained an applicant from using the form to request an action on a form I-94 (USCIS 3). This has been brought about by erroneous wording in one of the sections of the form. Official in the office of immigration concede that there is an imminent error in the wording of form 1-94 which has brought confusion to people who are in need of using it. Delay in granting the Lawful Permanent Residence Status The law allows an asylee to seek for update his/her status to become a lawful permanent resident (National Justice Centre 58). This is done through an appl ication submitted to though form I-485 to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service. Poor decision making within the agency results in slow processing with some asylee having to wait for a long time to be granted this fundamental right. At times, the officials make mistakes in implementing the 1990 Immigration Act. This act allows USCIS to deny a request based on some reasons. For instance, improved conditions in refugee home country may compel the immigration officials to deny an application to extend asylum. An erroneous decision about improved political climate in a given country may put the life of an asylee at risk (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom 7). The agency lacks the necessary financial and capabilities to assess the political environment in a given state and is forced to rely on intelligence and media information which might not be satisfactory (National Immigrant Justice Centre 57). Rafael immigrated into the U.S. one year ago to e scape possible persecution by members of a deadly drug gang in his neighborhood. They claimed that he had information about their illegal operations and might report them to the police. Raphael was employed by Farah as a gardener in his residence. His stay in the states was a relief for him from the killer gang in his home country. He used to tell Rafael how he wished he would be allowed to stay in the US forever. However, error by the immigration officials cut short his stay in the U.S. claiming that the recent crackdown of drug barons and gangs in Mexico had made the atmosphere safe for Rafael to go back. Four days after Rafael was deported back to Mexico, he was killed by the gang. According to T USCIS, this is one of the many cases where the USCIS officials make wrong decisions about the safety of immigrants (16). In order to make the department effective, this report drew the following recommendations. The US Congress needs to enact laws to create a conjecture against the confi nement of immigrants and asylum seekers. The authorities should ensure that the department has enough finance to be able to offer individualized hearings on the lawfulness and necessity for detention. The officials should be trained to operate the E-Verify system to avoid discrepancies in data entered. The US government should commit itself to enhance the adoption of human rights in the detention facilities. This can be achieved through legislation or relevant policies implemented by the relevant agencies under the watchful eye of an independent oversight body. The policies should be geared towards protecting the rights of the immigrants without compromising the sovereignty and security of the United States. There should be relevant laws to protect the rights of the unaccompanied child immigrant (Bhabha 10). Despite the promise that there would be prompt issuance of green cards upon application, customers still complain on delays occurring. Where has then the USCIS gone wrong? Is it not logic for it to continue with the issuance of the Aliens Identification and Telecommunication stamps as the issues are being solved once and for all? Or when will the agency stop making the errors of commission and error of omission? It might be that the director of the USCIS or even the Ombudsman would be better placed to answer the question. Amnesty International. Jailed Without Justice: Immigration Detention in the USA. Web. Bhabha, Jacqueline. â€Å"Not a Sack of Potatoes: Moving and Removing Children Across Borders.† Public Interest Law Journal. 15 (2006). GAO. Improved Benefits: Improvement Needed to Address Backlogs and Ensure Quality of Adjudications. Washington DC. Homeland Security, 2005. Goldman, Thomas and Peter Loughlin. Applying for Asylum in the United States. Florida: Goldman Loughlin PLLC Law Firm, 2010. Print. Homeland Security. †Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman. Annual Report 2006. Web. https://www.dhs.gov/topic/cis-ombudsman The National Lawyers Guild. Know Your Rights Manual for the Transgender Community: Immigration Law. San Francisco: The National Lawyer’s Guild, n.d. Print. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Report on Asylum Seekers in Expedited Removal. Washington DC: USCIRF, 2005. Print. USCIS. Aila Liaison CommitteeAgenda.2008. Web. Footnotes 1 See; Unite States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Report on Asylum Seekers in Expedited Rermoval.Vol1, Washington DC: uscirf.February 2005. 2 USCIS is a fee funded agency and pays its operating expenses from fees collected. The fees are not inclusive of those charged from asylum, refugee and military naturalizations programs. There is also the notion that the delays in processing applications are intentional as the agency fears suffering funds shortages. These are funds generated from issuance of interim employment authorization documents while the green card applications pending.

Feminists Want Women to Be the Same as Men Essay - 1

Feminists Want Women to Be the Same as Men - Essay Example Feminists advocate for the rights of women as equal individuals in the society with men in the society and they support the equal treatment of all people within the society and in which case they are able to propagate the issues that promote the livelihood of all. In many instances, people have said that feminists have advocated for the gender equality in which men and women have to be treated in the same way regardless of the differences that exist between them. However, this caused a debate between in the people considering the fact that some people argue from the perspective of the modern feminists who advocate for gender equity rather than gender equality advanced by others (Kunin, 2012, p. 3-7). In this respect, the debate of whether feminists want women to be the same as men remain important and relevant among people who have knowledge about the perspectives of the feminists and the things they support. In the introduction of feminism in the society, the proponents had advanced the notion that there was unequal treatment between men and women who were expected to raise people to a level of worship. The inequalities that people pointed out did not favor women and therefore, they felt that there was a need to establish a system in which people who do similar jobs in an organization were to receive equal treatment in all aspects (Kunin, 2012, p. 12). This was aimed to improve the status of working in the society so that both women and men are able to benefit from what they do in the society and ensure that all effort is rewarded equally in the society. Feminists of the early times advanced the perspective that payments and other benefits that are guaranteed to one gender can be extended to other people regardless of the fact that they have differences. Feminism in its original form worked to establish gender neutrality between men and women so as to eliminate biases that existed in extending benefits to men and women who did similar jobs.

Should ASU make more parking seats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should ASU make more parking seats - Essay Example It is one of the state universities which have the most undergraduate population and hence it offers a vast number of academic as well as the extra and co circular activities which the student population avails. There are more five hundred clubs and organizations that the students can check out . The large student population of the Arizona State University has given birth to a lot of on campus problems that the students face and one of the most important issues is that of the insufficient parking options. There are many online student reviews where student state and share that one of the most least addressed issues of the university campus is that of the terrible parking options, hence the administration should pay special attention to this particular issue , making sure that the parking plans and the capacities are improved. There are some very costly parking options that have been provided to the students, where most students are left with no option but to park at the distance of fifty nine. The parking plans which have been offered are not cost efficient and cost at least a hundred dollars to the parkers. At that is not it, as soon as the individual is done parking the car; he/she has to walk for another several minutes before reaching the desired destination. Comparatively, if we pay attention to the public transit area, it is in much better position where the students carrying their identification cards are given free bus passes . There is the Orbit Shuttle Service as well, which is free, offered in Tempe area. This particular service runs and hence can be availed after every fifteen minutes. However this service is mostly crowded and sometimes you can pass it up as well. The other campuses such as the Tempe, Poly , Downtown and West have the free shuttle services as well. Arizona State University is one of those state

Reviewing Healthcare system in Abu Dhabi Research Paper - 1

Reviewing Healthcare system in Abu Dhabi - Research Paper Example However, among them, The Ministry of Health Authority-Abu Dhabi, Emirates Health Authority (EHA) and Dubai Health Authority (DHA), are the primary authorities (Koornneefa, Robbena, Seiari d, e & Siksekf, 2012). The healthcare standard is extremely high in the country and therefore, the government spending in the sector has also been high. The total expenditure by the government in this sector from 1993 to 2003 was around $436 million. The World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that in the year 2004, the healthcare segment of the country constituted of 2.9 percent of the gross domestic product. It was identified that cardiovascular diseases were the major reason of death in the country and accounted for 28 percent of deaths. Other major causes of diseases and deaths are congenital abnormalities, injuries, accidents and malignancies. According to World Bank, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are considered to be the 3rd and 2nd most admired medical destinations in this region, apart from Jordon (Koo rnneefa, Robbena, Seiari d, e & Siksekf, 2012). High-quality medical facilities and doctors are available in UAE. Due to the high percentage of expats, foreign medical staffs and doctors are available in the country. This also prevents difficulties for the tourists from the western countries in any treatment proceedings. The most contemporary hospital in UAE is the Rashid Hospital, which is in Dubai. The country also has excellent maternal hospitals where all the deliveries are done by highly trained doctors and medical professionals.

Integrated Marketing Communication Concepts Analysis

Integrated Marketing Communication Concepts Analysis The purpose of any given organizations in the globalised market place today is to create a connecting link with customer, and communicate their brands in the most feasible ways. Creating customer or to be precise building relationship with customers though is not an easy task. It calls for advancement in marketing medium and communication tactics. Organizational operation and their purpose are to create the value chain and build a relationship with consumer through communications and its forms. In such situation the importance of integrated marketing communication can be traced. The primary aim of this report limits its research on the concepts of Integrated marketing communication. The concepts meaning of integrated marketing communication or that which we can understands by any other word such as corporate communication tool or advertisement is aimed primarily at the public via a variety of interactive tools, such as corporate advertisings, its publicity, public affairs, governance besides the compounding management issues and public relations as well as corporate sponsorship. (Luiz Moutinho, 2004, p. 179) These process combined together play an instrumental in todays organization. In that essence, the structure of this report is limited to identify the issues encompassing IMC, as well as to define the idea as to where the object of IMC takes roots from. In doing so, understanding the meaning of marketing communication is important and relevant from a theoretical point of view, which this essay attempt to trace the implication if any through its discussion encompassing IMC concepts that are very much in practice today. Marketing processes is corporation one focal point. Marketing helps corporations to sells their products and services or experts. We have come across the adage all that glitters, isnt gold as well as the saying there is more to things than just meet the eyes. These phrases have more philosophical meaning behind their originations. And when linked with marketing communication for examples there is an interrelated meaning as well, given that consumers today are more aware than ever before. Before deciding on any particular purchase they undertake a thorough outlook as to where the idea of corporation communication links with them. Add to it, we see reason enough that corporation are tying every possible measures to connect with consumers. The adage consumer is king hold true in a sense that consumer does much of the talking; deciding, etc that goes into the making of their purchasing capacity. The better the communication marketing appeal, the greater is the scope for corporation to bu ilt relationship with consumers in the market. The medium used in marketing is meant to reach consumer and communicate to them in the most feasible way. In every sphere of our life somewhat we have come across advertisements, e-mailer in our inbox that brief about a particular product, and all components of brandishing through billboards, etc. besides, we have also come across the point as corporate sponsorship. Corporate sponsorship to be precise is the frequent case that we see corporate logo in football grounds and amongst players. Somewhat we wonder also as to what is all about CSR concepts adopted by many corporations today? Question and counter question that we often presume also is that why does communication undertake all these at one go? We can understand that there is a marketing concept behind it all, but the question is why? In that assumption we can speculate that all factor encompassing the one as detailed above have a lot to do with the concepts of integrated marketing communication. But how, and what detrimental v alue does it communicate with consumers in the market? Why does it arise so? Does IMC in any instance provide a sense of belonging with consumers? Yes it does. Generally from our understanding it is considered that marketing itself is a fundamental organizational function. The best way that corporation in the current scenario are marketing their product is through the integration of effective marketing channels or tool to connect and build relationship with consumer in the market. Such mechanism and its concepts that have undergone a change of guards and making inroads in corporation marketing are the integrated marketing communication concepts. It is that branch of the overall marketing process that encompasses process such as planning product promotions, its advertising, corporate sponsorships and the likes. Most importantly the question that arises again is that does an IMC concept impact upon the purchasing power of consumers and their mindset? The answer is yes. There is a grea t many values attached to IMC concepts in the marketing realms, especially in today competitive environment, where only the fittest survives and where technology and different forms of media play a significant role. When we emphasize on these points the importance of IMC can be traced. And it should be clarified herein that the primary focus of this work is to address these three main assumptions:- What is Integrated Marketing Communication? What is the reason behind Corporations favoring IMC Concepts at its Best for Promotional Purposes? What Defines IMC and its Appeals as far as Advertisement and Promotional Objectives goes? Does Embracing the Concepts of IMC is difficult for Corporation To come to this conclusion is rather hard. Thus, it could be prudent that each assumption is discussed separately, as detailed below. 1. WHAT IS INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS? We can define integrated marketing communication in the word of Terence A. Shimp, as a communication process that entails the planning, integration, creation, and implementation of diverse forms of mass communication such as, advertising, sales promotions, publicity releases or press releases and events that are delivered overtime to a brands targeted customer and prospects. (Shimp, 2008) The goals thus are to influence the behavioral conditioning of consumer and their perceptions of things. To sum it up, integrated marketing communication takes an extensive formulation of covering every minute detail that bridges the gaps between consumer and producers in the market, where the media comes in handy to make the connecting links and channelize the same in the most feasible ways. (Shimp, 2008, p. 10) It also should be understood that marketing communications concepts arise from communication and its meaning. Communication as we can understand in simple language is that condition that accumulates together the aspects wherein sharing or exchanging of informations between two parties is made possible. Furthermore, it also links together the components of reaching to the means of communication for an end results, let say the mechanism or tools that are used for the same. Above all, communications in any given standards is not one way; assert learned men and scholars such as Paul Russell Smith and Jonathan Taylor. (Paul Russell Smith, 2004, p. 72) Besides, understanding the concepts of communication also directly register with us and a layman understanding of the same. The overall aspect of marketing communication also is one subset of the subject matter that concerns itself with the concepts of marketing. Marketing communication is a set of purposive activities, linked and coordinated to some degree. (Jain, 2008, p. 1) From this notion and when we come to the conceptualization of the idea behind marketing communication we can readily identify also the substance or the significance attached to it, which we assume organizations are banking heavily as a factor for sustenance and growth, given that marketing processes and its activities in many forms and parts asserts scholars relies heavily on communication formats; wherein such marketing process and procedures is to directly informs potential customer of a product offering or factor such as in creating a brand image in the marketplace and any other process such as customer feed backs in improving processes or products that marketers initiates. In that components accumulated and buildup together thus, marketing research also comes in handy and is effective, (Guy Masterman, 2006, p. 4) and is often looked also as a typical tools for promotional and advertising activities and to connect with consumers. Moreover, what has been the very discussed and augmented point on the subject matter and the very essence of marketing communication also often raises the question as to how marketers communicate with their target markets? Simply put in what marketers actually do in essence is the fact that everything they do is communicates, (Ludi Koekemoer, 2004, p. 1) through proper channels, and by using relevant marketing tools to their advantages for communications. Such a communication process take stage or come to fore because it helps corporation in many ways to bridge the gap of communication with the market or consumers as the case is, and thus good communication is based on an orientation around a dominant, rational big brand idea as corporations calls it, which acts as a tool or platform for creating, involving and sustaining customer engagement. (Micael Dahlà ©n, 2009, p. 2) Comprehending together these notion overall as can be laid emphasis upon we feel that every dynamic organization s today and in the current schemes of things takes an interested approach towards reaching the means to an end for their offering, be it products or services, and marketing communication is thus the most visible of marketing functions (Copley, 2004, p. 1) for reaching such an ends to the result oriented targeted activities, which is also the very salient object of marketing concepts itself and that which we will further evaluate and comprehend the very idea that erupts and that which we can lay out hands on the arguments that arises with integrated marketing communications and its meaning overall as discussed below. 2. WHAT IS THE REASON BEHIND CORPORATIONS FAVORING IMC CONCEPTS AT ITS BEST FOR PROMOTIONAL PURPOSES? There can be many reasons for this. As we can understand, the conceptual evaluation of the meaning integrated marketing communication has a lot to do with marketing concepts as one bigger picture of it all. Often we begin to argue in that direction considering a typical organization where advertising is controlled by the marketing department, where as selling is the responsibility of the sales department and the websites is controlled and maintained by IT services. (Graeme Drummond, 2005, p. 149) This is really what composed the conditionality of todays modern organizations. Often we wonder wont such a process interfere with the overall concepts of marketing? And how does things can be assured that consumer get or receives the right and correct message from the company concerned when marketing are integrated in departmental wise? To put emphasis on this notion and this views that arises in that regard, the answer we feel lays in the objective of integrated marketing communication. Integrated marketing communications in all aspects attempts to use together the various communication message or tool used by the organization into one meaningful coherent message. (Graeme Drummond, 2005, p. 149) Add to it, Marketing in the current scheme of things also is in a state of transformation. (Copley, 2004, p. 4) As we are aware, a new era is unfolding in the fields of advertising, promotions, and marketing communications. (Clow, 2007, p. 43) This is true, considering that the presence of media and its advancement have given abundant option available for marketers to bank and capitalize from. In that context, this is also where the very essence and substance of marketing communication comes into play in the overall picture that composed marketing and its principles. 3. WHAT DEFINES IMC AND ITS APPEALS AS FAR AS ADVERTISEMENT AND PROMOTIONAL OBJECTIVES GOES? When we come to this part of the discussion, often the very first question that we encounter with is the importance attached to integrated marketing communication. Does the substantial element attached to integrated marketing communication assist managers and marketers in the promotional processes and its integration? The answer to this point as we can comprehend and build up our arguments and reasoning logically is, yes. As we have already defined the basis of integrated marketing management, we see reason enough that it components is linked to many befitting ends results as a means to an end that marketers emphasize upon. To justify this view firstly, we should try and attempt to understand the role that integrated marketing communications plays in todays organizations and their marketing prospects. The very essence and meaningful conceptualization of the word advertising and its role in integrated marketing communication is looked upon from the broader element attached to it. Take for examples factor attached to advertising within the integrated marketing communication campaigns and its activities must have a consistent look and feel, even though brand advertising to consumers will generally be different from retails advertising from consumers. Yet all such campaigns have their own objectives and purpose. (Percy, 2008, p. 83) This is all about what we can sum up as the very basis and objectives of strategic integrated marketing communications. Scholars such as Peter Drucker said that any business has two basic requirements, one is marketing, and the other is innovations. (Varey, 2002, p. 1) This is true and applicable in today organizations environment as well. But what is innovation in that sense of the term? We feel that IMC concepts have much to be viewed in that point as well. Add to it, consumer in today environment also are more interactive and swift, given that they accepts a wide variety of information from media in many forms and formats. Marketers in that situation have a fair control over what customer and prospects hear or learn about their products. (Don E. Schultz, 1993, p. 43) Thus, on the basis of these points we can emphasize also as to where to trace the significance of integrated marketing communication. The greater instance of the subject matter argument is that even in the current scheme of things advertising agencies are still searching for the best way to incorporate the concepts and practice of integrated marketing communication. (Tom Duncan, 1996, p. 13) To top it all, the nature and scope of advertising in context of integrated marketing communication is simply a means or a marketing tools that helps sells brands of products and help top build confidence in companies and institutions by conveying accurate and compelling informations to customers about the brand, or anything in that regard. (Ludi Koekemoer, 2004, p. 65) 4. DOES EMBRACING THE CONCEPTS OF IMC IS DIFFICULT FOR CORPORATION When debating to this point, the answer is yes and no, given that it depends greatly how the concepts is emulated for practical purpose. On the other hand, corporations with a scope to make a switch towards integrated marketing communication are posed with many barriers. It can be in the form of technological barriers, or cost factor and the likes. This point notwithstanding, it would prudent also that a scholastic point be observed as well to the difficulty as such if any. What scholars have withhold in favor of integrated marketing communication can again be emphasized to the notion wherein it is held that integrated marketing communication plays a vital role in every aspects of marketing process. However, developing and implementing an integrated marketing communication programs is usually a detailed and complex process, which involves many persons as well as extensive efforts. (George E Belch, 2003, p. 69) Thus, such factor when encounter often comes and acts as a barrier when corporations for example are trying to embrace the features of integrated marketing communication. Fair enough, not only the cost factor also comes into play in such a strategic integration, but also the complexities of the process itself, which very often when not strategized systematically can be a dampener of sorts. This is what we can augment are some of the difficulty in embracing the overall features of integrated marketing communication in a standardized and symmetrical manner. METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted in this report is primarily secondary in nature. There have been no specific methods or process evaluation undergone. As a discourse in theoretical terms, the best available secondary resources were dependent upon to emphasize the views and counter view of this paper assumptions and its argument. On a greater note, view in favor of IMC concepts and is adoption is the concentrated focus to align into the assumption and its discourse overall. Thus, most of the resource used use for this research is secondary in nature, where IMC concepts and its literature have been the main source in feeding this project and regimenting the assumptions. DISCUSSIONS From our study and its analysis on the concepts of integrated marketing communication we can understand that the significance of the concepts cannot be brushed aside. It would be wrong to do away with IMC and its practical practices. The fact is that IMC assist corporations survival in many ways, and Helps Corporation building a good rapport with consumers in the market, through advertisements, billboards, corporate sponsorships, public relations and the likes of e-mailer. Effective communications are the building block between a manufacturer and consumers. Often the term consumer is king also very much also come into play in such a scenario. Corporations understand such scenarios, and are doing their best to format their communication and advertising process by initiating the practicality of IMC concepts. Thus, the principle of marketing though make its claims, however, without any pictorial and effective communication marketing often lose its sheen and sheer factor to appeal the general consumer in the market. The presence of many competitors and identical product also greatly impact consumer perception and their purchasing power, we can speculate. Lapses in communication even hurt the relationship and its bounding. The concepts behind IMC and its integration is to bring into force the factor of communication in marketing mediums, so that firms communicates in its variety of forms with consumers, thus bridging the gap in communication as is the case with traditional marketings. Moreover, it also to bring into force the streamlined process, where marketing communication is fostered and facilitated in the most feasible ways and reaches its targeted destinations, and impact upon consumer perception and their connection with any given message that appeals their psychological nature of co nsumers. The better the marketing procedures and its communication, the better is the prospects of the organizational outcome. Besides, sustenance and growth of a corporation also is hugely influenced through the marketing processes that organizations undertake and it can be in many other forms or processes, although central to marketing objectives. CONCLUSION There is great much scope for research in this topic. Given the absence of primary methodology being employed, future research through the use of primary research tools, such as questionnaire, interview and the likes, as it can provide a great significant to the assumptions from an objectively view point. Lack of relevant material though have been the factor of this research and its weakness, yet the fragmented segmentation of the concepts meaning and its discourse have been arranged to get a glimpse of the theoretical point of the subject matter and its assimilation. Taking the overall discussion and when we reflect back to the subject matter we can conclude that IMC concepts are significant to corporation in great many ways. Adopting the IMC concepts and emphasizing on its practicality can be the best ever things that corporation can initiates as a tool for mass appeal, and to get their brandishing and all factors of advertisements in their favor as well as providing consumers in the market a sense of relief to make difficult choices from available products. Thus, building on these points and our understanding of the argument in details abovementioned, we can finally conclude that marketing have many dimensional foregrounds, yet without effective communication much of it is lost in translation. Hence, integration of marketing process with streamlined communication process can be the best ever thing that can mark the transformational change in the favor of marketers. Marketing strategy very often exploit the use of marketing tools, given that there are reasonable point to such integration. Yet, it should not be forgotten that the philosophical and strategic overtones for corporations growth and its sustenance also all depends and ride in direct links with marketing, wherein integrated marketing communication processes is one vital part of marketing principle that bridge the gap to connect with the general consumers in the market.

Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

The Industrial revolution began in the early 1800s. The industrial revolution could not have happened if the agricultural revolution had not preceded it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Agricultural Revolution several inventions that reduced the need for man power were invented. Two of those inventions were the Jethro Tull seeding drill and the cotton gin. The seeding drill planted seeds in rows which made the crops easier to manage and harvest. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, it took the seeds out of the cotton. The cotton gin made it so that the work that previously needed to be done by fifty men could now be done by one. An idea of the agricultural revolution was crop rotation. Crop rotation was switching the crops into different fields each year which allowed farmers to produce 25 % more crops and more food means more population up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the agricultural revolution population went up and less people were needed to work on the farms. There were a lot of people that needed jobs but there were not a lot of jobs for people on farms so the people turned to the cities. The time when people went into the cities looking for jobs which caused the populations of the cities to at least double was called urbanization. During urbanization the city of Manchester in the United kingdom grew from 50,000 people to 500,00 people, this rapid increase of population took place during an extremely short period of time. The United Kingdom became the place where the industrial revolution was born. It happened here because the UK had land, labor, and wealth. Factories arose first in the UK and then all over Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since there were factories everywhere, there were plenty of jobs for the people. Even though the factories did provide jobs for the people they were not good jobs. People started working as young as the age of six. The average work day was 14-16 hours, and that’s a lot of working hours, especially for a young child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inside the factories the conditions were absolutely dreadful. The air was full of dust and other things that made it practically unbreathable, the machines were dangerous and often took a persons limbs or injured them in other ways. Because the work days were so long and the workers were practically on their feet the entire day people became deformed and had problems with their legs. Despite all the hard labor and dangers of the work place the workers were still paid next to nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually working conditions did improve. One of the things that helped improve conditions were unions. Unions were when all of the workers got together

Bismarcks appointment of Minister President of Prussia Essay

Bismarck’s appointment of Minister President of Prussia (1862) was the most important turning point in the course of German nationalism in the period 1815-1919? By 1919 Germany had been united, and the nature of nationalism had changed from a freedom seeking, democratic force into one which demanded popular subservience to the state. German nationalism had clearly changed radically over the period of more than one hundred years and defining the turning point at which it changed is difficult due to the sheer number of factors that impacted upon it as well as the vast number of events and organisations which interfered with its development. Otto von Bismarck would become viewed in later years as the father of German nationalism. When he came to power 1862 the Kaiser was looking for a man who could oppose the liberals and force through a favourable army bill. However, within just nine years Germany would have become united, not without the help, though not always willing, from Bismarck. Bismarck effected the unification of Germany almost single-handedly. However, many of the opportunities which Bismarck actually attempted to manipulate were neither created by him nor very successful. Bismarck did not always manage nationalism as effectively as it is suggested. The Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 forced to unite with the southern states in Germany when in reality it would have been unlikely that he desired this. Prussia was still attempting to absorb the north German states and to add the southern states, especially with their un-Prussian culture, risked diluting Prussia’s culture too far. It is clear that in 1890 Bismarck was managed by nationalism because he was forced to resign due to the outpouring of nationalist feeling that resented him attempting to hold Germany in check. He represented the old Germany, a Prussian dominated one and in an effort to find a â€Å"German† chancellor he was removed from office. Even the Dual Alliance in 1879 demonstrated how German nationalism forced him to take actions against his will. With his Prussian upbringing his loyalties more likely lay with Russian rather than Austria and the decline of Austria was increasingly clear for all too see, to join the young, powerful Germany with this crumbling empire would do nothing to help the country yet nationalistic feeling in Germany forced the Alliance. Bismarck’s appointment in 1882 was an important moment in German nationalism but the theory that one man had such an impact upon the fate of a nation does not stand so well in light of deeper scrutiny. The Congress of Vienna held in 1815 helped create an environment which would help the growth of German nationalism. Prussia’s gains in the west of Germany were actually intended by the Allies to be a burden. They had given the smallest of the Great Powers the most difficult job as acting as a barricade against France. However, this would backfire on the Allies when it would later become Germany’s massive industrial growth. It also affected the nature of Prussia, whereas she had previously been a predominantly Eastern European power she now had a pan-German outlook, though it appeared to begin with that she had little in common with her western population. The distance between the two main blocks of land meant that transporting goods between the two would prove difficult and this would spur the creation and development of the Prussian Customs Union in 1818 which would later become the Zollverein in 1834. However, when at the Congress of Vienna the Allies faced the question of â€Å"what is Germany† they fell back on historical precedent, the Holy Roman Empire. This can be seen as a retrospective step because it actually excluded areas of both Austria and Prussia, as well as making many of the smaller states much larger. The Congress of Vienna was not a turning point in German nationalism, but without it the nature of Germany could have been very different from that with which we are familiar if it existed at all. The creation of the Zollverein in 1834 was a critical turning point for German nationalism, formed from the Prussian Customs Union in 1818. Thomas Nipperdy described the creation of the Zollverein as â€Å"the outstanding event in all-German history†. Given the basis as a pan-German union it improved the contacts between all of the German states, encouraging them to work together for mutual benefit and broke down barriers between the regions of Germany both officially and culturally. It is often the case that economic unity leads to political as appears to be the case with the EU, formerly the European Economic Community (EEC) and the push for a European constitution. However, German political unity was far from inevitable, many Germans now saw political unity as obsolete because they achieved all the benefits of such a union without the risk of losing any of their own unique regional culture. The Zollverein was also critical in training a new cadre of diplomats for Prussia and teaching them to administer a â€Å"German† organisation, experience which would be invaluable in the post-unification era. Bismarck once declared in a speech to the North German Reichstag in 1869 that â€Å"He who has his thumb on the purse has the power† and by taking the economic leadership of the German states Prussia rose importantly and a Kleindeutsch solution to the German problem became much more feasible. It also struck a double blow in this respect. It not only made a Prussian-led Germany more likely but it made an Austrian-led Germany less likely. Because of her exclusion from the customs union the Austrian economy suffered and her already fragile market became on step closer to failing and this would be one of the major reasons for her defeat to Prussia. The use of the economy mirrored the nature of German nationalism; initially it was a liberal move, the reduction of trade barriers embodied by the introduction of the Zollverein. However, by the time unification was achieved economic policy turned its back on liberalism and the economic protectionism Bismarck employed against Russia helped show how far nationalism had changed. The Zollverein would form the template upon which the German Empire would eventually be founded, a kleindeutsch dominated by Prussia. Some historians even go so far to view the whole of the unification of Germany as purely an economic transaction, that it was not driven by political ideology but by the cold logic of money and economic expansionism. The Zollverein did represent an important twist in the history of German nationalism but it did not utterly change the face of the ideology but simply made the prospect more likely. In addition to this, the success of the Zollverein would provide the necessary environment for the rapid expansion of industry within German and this would have a critical impact upon nationalism. 1848 can very easily be viewed as the critical turning point in the history of German nationalism. It is often seen as a turning point about which history failed to turn, and it is this very failure which makes it such an important date in the history of German nationalism. 1848 presented revolutionary factions within Germany, and other countries throughout Europe, with a window of opportunity. In Paris the Second Republic is established in a welter of violence; in Sicily the Palermo Uprising takes place; in Hungary revolution boils over; Swedish revolutionaries are gunned down by their government and in Ireland the potato famine sparks the Tipperary Revolt. To the established order it appeared that stability was breaking down and anarchy threatened them. It was in this climate of exceptional change that the German revolutionary effort failed. The dithering incompetence of the middle classes, coupled with their glaring impotence discredited liberal politics and any idea of a revolution from below. This would prove potentially dangerous for the development of German nationalism. Divorced from its liberal and democratic roots it became a force of the right and of the paternalist government. This resulted in the desire for individual freedoms being sacrificed for the will of state. The government was paranoid about the dangers of the socialist movement within Germany, but they actually shared many common ideals, most markedly the concept of the priority of the state over the individual. It became obvious that power and change could not be achieved without the power of an army to back themselves; Bismarck summarised this problem in his most famous speech â€Å"the great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions – that was the error of 1848 – but by iron and blood†. Given our knowledge of how German nationalism developed into a violent, racist, militaristic force it is clear to see that 1848 was a seminal moment in its development, the pre-1848 liberal, French-styled nationalism became a force of the militant right. 1848 also represented a turning point for German nationalism in a European context. It appeared that countries were naturally progressing from being authoritarian monarchies to becoming nationalistic, liberal democracies. Germany’s refusal to follow this trend fundamentally altered the nature of German nationalism. This turning point about which history failed to turn left something rotten at the core of German nationalism. The change from idealism to brutal pragmatism, combined with the machinations of Bismarck and the authoritarian government meant that the German people’s cause was subverted and used as a weapon against those European powers who had abused Germany for such a long time. On the 18th of January 1871 the German Empire was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. This can easily be seen as a turning point in German nationalism, it finally created what the nationalists had been striving for over the past half century. Though it is true that the majority of what then became Germany existed in the North German Confederation created 4 years earlier after Prussia’s victory over Austria it represented a subtle but important shift in the history of German nationalism and the process of reaching the announcement played a very important role in defining the new Germany. Even the date upon which the Empire was announced held special significance, 270 years earlier the first Elector of Brandenburg was crowned King in Prussia. This clearly symbolically established Prussian hegemony over the newly created German Reich. Even the fact that the proclamation was made at Versailles was more significant than simple a quick expediency. Were the proclamation were to be made in Berlin, the capital of the new Empire, it would have most likely been made in Parliament. For Bismarck this would have been intolerable, in his eyes it was the army and their feudal, warlord leaders who had united the new empire rather than the romantic liberals and their â€Å"speeches and majority votes†. The Reich was declared in the home of imperial power, Versailles was the benchmark against which all other symbols of imperial might were measured and it clearly showed how the ruling elite of the new Germany planned to rule the country. It would be easy to say that it was a simple political humiliation for the French to have their enemies declare their new country in the French capital but to do this would ignore the deeper significance of both the time and place it was made. Nationalism within Germany underwent many changes over the period from 1815 to 1919. It suffered from a gradual change from its ideals over the time and it is difficult to differentiate between the impacts that the different potential turning points had on German nationalism. However, the most seminal moment in the history Germany nationalism was when it shifted indelibly from the idealists’ views to the pragmatic views of the industrialists within the country. 1866 can be seen as the turning point in the unification of Germany rather than a turning point in the nature of German nationalism. The failure of democracy in 1848 at a time when many other revolutions had succeeded left many Germans with the view that it would only be through violence and warfare â€Å"blood and iron† that their dreams would ever be realised.

Shakespeares Fair Youth Sonnets

Shakespeares Fair Youth Sonnets The first of Shakespeares 126 sonnets are addressed to a young man – described as the â€Å"fair youth† – and reveal a deep, loving friendship. The speaker encourages the friend to procreate so that his youthful beauty can be carried on through his children. The speaker also believes that the man’s beauty can be preserved in his poetry, as the final couplet of Sonnet 17 reveals: But were some child of yours alive that time, [in the future]You should live twice: in it, and in my rhyme. Some believe that the intimacy of the relationship between the speaker and the young man is evidence of Shakespeare’s homosexuality. However, this is probably a very modern reading of a classical text. There was no public reaction to the relationship when the sonnets were first published by Thomas Thorpe in 1609, suggesting that the expression of a deep friendship through such language was perfectly acceptable in Shakespeares time. It was perhaps more shocking to the Victorian sensibility. Top 5 Most Popular Fair Youth Sonnets: Sonnet 1: From Fairest Creatures We Desire Increase Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day? Sonnet 29: When In Disgrace With Fortune and Mens EyesSonnet 73: That Time Of Year Thou Mayst In Me Behold Sonnet 116: Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds A full list of the Fair Youth Sonnets (Sonnets 1 – 126) is also available.

Reaction essays

Love Medicine Summary/Reaction essays Love Medicine by Louise Erdrich tells a story of two Native American families and how their lives are intertwined. The story takes place in the mid-west region, including Minnesota and South Dakota. It presents to us many differing point of views from both sides, changing narrators from one chapter to the next. For many of them, their tales focus on uncovering a hidden past, and others that are simply running from the past. We are first introduced to June, who was adopted by Marie and Nector Kashpaw. Her story is short, since we learn about her her death in the next chapter and its effect on the Kashpaw family. After that, it skips back to the past and explains the origins of the children and parents in each of the families. What I didnt like about the story was that I found it hard to keep track of everything when there were so many different stories going on at once. Although they were all connected in a way, I constantly found myself confused at times and often had to check back to the beginning of the chapter to see whose story I was reading. One thing I found very hard to keep track of was Lulu Lamartine, who was constantly sleeping around, had different fathers for each of her children. It wasnt until I had finished reasing the book that I noticed the family tree at the beginning, and even that looks confusing to me. I had too much trouble keeping track of who was from what family, and who had different last names from the rest of the family. Its hard for me to understand since I come from a very traditional family. My parents have only been married to each other and had three kids together. Even in my extended family, there is not one child that was born of a different mother or father. I did not include a theme at the beginning of this summary for one reason, I honestly could not figure out what the author had intended for it to be. What was she trying to say, that its ok to sleep a ...

Professional Values for the BSN Student Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Values for the BSN Student - Essay Example The empathetic attitude and understanding of cross cultural values greatly facilitate in overcoming the language barriers. I therefore, strive to understand my patient’s cultural paradigms and learn to communicate in a manner that would promote mutual trust. According to Raz (1986), personal autonomy means that the person ‘holds the free choice of goals and relations as an essential ingredient of individual well-being’. Autonomy empowers a person with informed choices instilling self confidence in one’s ability to make independent decisions about themselves and their welfare. Hence, an empowered nurse has more options and freedom to transform those choices into concrete action plans for the betterment of self and the patients at large. I am person who is highly motivated towards social issues which need to be reformed to suit the demands of the changing times. I firmly believe that each person, must be empowered so that they are better equipped to make independent choices. Carter says that one should be ‘acting on what you have discerned, even at personal cost’ (1996). I therefore, like to work with the proactive participation of the patients and if required, involve patient’s family in the rehabilitation process. Human dignity broadly recognizes that ‘inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world’ (EU charter). Nurses make sure that caring for human beings, cuts across class divide, status, race and culture. The core of nursing involves dedicated and ethically delivered care to the medically sick persons. I personally believe that the nursing professional helps to understand human relations at the critical juncture of human vulnerability. For me my patients are just human beings who need to be cared for. Through personal care, compassion and positive attitude, I try to facilitate their recovery by instilling optimism and

In females with recurrent bacterial vaginosis, do prophylactic Essay

In females with recurrent bacterial vaginosis, do prophylactic antibiotics, compared to no treatment, reduce the recurrence rate - Essay Example The infection is prevalent amongst African Americans. A good number of women experience vaginal irritation along with a thin, watery, yellow-green discharge. The infection is also associated with a bad smell. Research shows that although some sexual activities are involved, offering treatment to a sexual partner has never shown to prevent re-infection. In most cases, the treatment is via insertion of Flagyl (metronidazole) into the vaginal canal for a period of five to seven days. Flagyl (metronidazole) is an antibiotic. To date, very few studies have attempted to examine the application of prophylactic antibiotics for recurrent Bacterial vaginosis. The bottom line is that although Flagyl gel or antibiotic placed intravaginally for about twice in a week significantly reduced the recurrence rate, research has shown that women may continue suffering more yeast infections as result of using antibiotics. At the moment, yoghurt or capsule is one of the suggested and alternative treatments which has demonstrated to be less harmful and its efficiency has been proved in laboratory environment (Tafazzoli et al., 2014). An inclusion criterion for this study is a search literature of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis and whether prophylactic antibiotics, compared to no treatment, reduce the recurrence rate. There are a number of approaches that can be used to develop a search strategy.  The approach that is presented here emphasizes the specificity as well as the sensitivity of the search strategy. The bottom line is that it is important to make the search specific, as it will help avoid things that are not necessary. In order to achieve this, the necessary criteria will be applied to accept the appropriate articles criteria are necessary for you to accept the article. This will help to identify and consider articles that only